These guidelines were developed by Norquest College in the spirit of wahkôhtowin and reconciliation.The formal MLA and APA style do not have a format for Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers.
Last name, First initial., Nation/Community. Treaty Territory if applicable. Where they live if applicable. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. personal communication. Month Date, Year.
Cardinal, D., Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. personal communication. April 4, 2004.
Delores Cardinal described the nature of the... (2004)
OR
The nature of the place was... (Cardinal, 2004).
Note: If you would like to approach an Elder or Knowledge Keeper for teachings, remember to follow protocol or if you are unsure what their protocol is, please ask them ahead of time.
Unlike other personal communications, Elders and Knowledge Keepers should be cited in-text and in the reference list.
For more details on citing Indigenous Knowledge, see the link below
library@ecuad.ca 604-844-3840 520 East 1st Avenue, Vancouver, BC